BioPAX pathway converted from "alpha-linolenic (omega3) and linoleic (omega6) acid metabolism" in the Reactome database. alpha-linolenic (omega3) and linoleic (omega6) acid metabolism There are two major classes of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs): the omega-3 (n-3) and the omega-6 (n-6) fatty acids, where the number corresponds to the position of the first double bond proximate to the methyl end of the fatty acid. Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are considered essential fatty acids. Humans cannot synthesize them, instead they are supplied through diet. Linoleic acid (LA, 18:2(n-6)), a major component of omega-6 fatty acids and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:2(n-3)) a major component of omega-3 fatty acids are the two main dietary essential fatty acids (EFAs) in humans. ALA and LA obtained from diet are converted in the body into their longer chain and more unsaturated omega-3 and omega-6 products by a series of desaturation and elongation steps. Metabolism of ALA and LA to their corresponding products is mediated via common enzyme systems. In humans ALA is finally converted to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6(n-3)), and LA is converted to docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, C22:5(n-6)). The intermediary omega-3 and omega-6 series fatty acids play a significant role in health and disease by generating potent modulatory molecules for inflammatory responses, including eicosanoids (prostaglandins, and leukotrienes), and cytokines (interleukins) and affecting the gene expression of various bioactive molecules (Kapoor & Huang 2006, Sprecher 2002, Burdge 2006). Authored: Garapati, P V, 2012-01-11 Edited: Garapati, P V, 2012-01-11 alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) metabolism Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3(n-3)) is an omega-3 fatty acid, supplied through diet as it cannot be synthesized by humans. ALA has an important role in human health. It is converted to long chain more unsaturated n-3 fatty acids by a series of alternating desaturation and elongation reactions. Omega-3 products of ALA such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) reduce inflammation and may help lower risk of chronic diseases, such as heart disease and arthritis. All the desaturation and elongation steps occur in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) except for the final step which requires translocation to peroxisomes for partial beta-oxidation.

The alpha-linolenic acid pathway involves the following steps: 18:3(n-3)--> 18:4(n-3)-->20:4(n-3)-->20:5(n-3)-->22:5(n-3)-->24:5(n-3)-->24:6(n-3)-->22:6(n-3). Two desaturation enzymes are involved in this process: delta-6 desaturase that converts 18:3(n-3) to 18:4(n-3) and 24:5(n-3) to 24:6(n-3) respectively, delta-5 desaturase 20:4(n-3) to 20:5(n-3). (Sprecher 2002). Authored: Garapati, P V, 2012-01-11 Edited: Garapati, P V, 2012-01-11 LEFT-TO-RIGHT 6.2.1.3 Activation of alpha-linolenic acid to alpha-linolenoyl-CoA In the first step the precursor apha-linolenic (9,12,15-18:3(n-3)) acid is activated to a high energy form known as alpha-linolenoyl-CoA (9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienoyl-CoA) by the iron enzyme long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA-ligase (acyl-CoA synthetase 1, ACSL1) and coenzyme A. Authored: Garapati, P V, 2012-01-11 Edited: Garapati, P V, 2012-01-11 ALA (9Z,12Z,15Z)-Octadecatrienoic acid alpha-linolenic acid 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid Reactome DB_ID: 2046056 endoplasmic reticulum lumen GENE ONTOLOGY GO:0005788 alpha-linolenic acid [ChEBI:27432] alpha-linolenic acid ChEBI CHEBI:27432 Reactome Database ID Release 77 2046056 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046056 Reactome R-ALL-2046056 3 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-2046056.3 Reactome //www.joaskin.com CoA-SH coenzyme A Reactome DB_ID: 162743 coenzyme A [ChEBI:15346] coenzyme A ChEBI CHEBI:15346 Reactome Database ID Release 77 162743 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=162743 Reactome R-ALL-162743 4 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-162743.4 COMPOUND C00010 additional information MI MI:0361 ATP ATP(4-) Reactome DB_ID: 211579 endoplasmic reticulum membrane GENE ONTOLOGY GO:0005789 ATP(4-) [ChEBI:30616] ATP(4-) ATP atp Adenosine 5'-triphosphate ChEBI CHEBI:30616 Reactome Database ID Release 77 211579 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=211579 Reactome R-ALL-211579 3 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-211579.3 PPi pyrophosphate diphosphoric acid pyrophosphoric acid diphosphate Reactome DB_ID: 2046049 diphosphoric acid [ChEBI:29888] diphosphoric acid ChEBI CHEBI:29888 Reactome Database ID Release 77 2046049 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046049 Reactome R-ALL-2046049 3 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-2046049.3 COMPOUND C00013 AMP adenosine 5'-monophosphate phy -ent-participant78003 phy -ent-participant27755 phy -ent-participant6155 phy -ent-participant39754 phy -ent-participant59701 phy -ent-participant63108 phy -ent-participant7212 phy -ent-participant6975 phy -ent-participant7360 phy -ent-participant34129 phy -ent-participant7251 phy -ent-participant57455 phy -ent-participant5885 phy -ent-participant7305 phy -ent-participant7434 phy -ent-participant37066 phy -ent-participant6074 phy -ent-participant39691 phy -ent-participant56969 phy -ent-participant7311 phy -ent-participant56905 phy -ent-participant7396 phy -ent-participant37169 phy -ent-participant7190 phy -ent-participant97095 phy -ent-participant7099 phy -ent-participant7156 phy -ent-participant7234 phy -ent-participant39732 phy -ent-participant96967 phy -ent-participant7345 phy -ent-participant61581 phy -ent-participant97412 phy -ent-participant32767 phy -ent-participant6780 phy -ent-participant6181 phy -ent-participant78062 phy -ent-participant7127 phy -ent-participant39719 phy -ent-participant32383 phy -ent-participant32064 phy -ent-participant7039 phy -ent-participant5850 phy -ent-participant10477 phy -ent-participant56875 phy -ent-participant56948 phy -ent-participant57003 phy -ent-participant5643 phy -ent-participant32370 phy -ent-participant6357 Reactome DB_ID: 2046064 adenosine 5'-monophosphate [ChEBI:16027] adenosine 5'-monophosphate ChEBI CHEBI:16027 Reactome Database ID Release 77 2046064 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046064 Reactome R-ALL-2046064 3 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-2046064.3 ALA-CoA 9Z,12Z,15Z-Octadecatrienoyl-CoA alpha-linolenoyl-CoA 18:3(n-3) Reactome DB_ID: 2046062 alpha-linolenoyl-CoA [ChEBI:51985] alpha-linolenoyl-CoA cis,cis-linoleoyl-coenzyme A cis-Delta(9,12)-octadecadienoyl-CoA cis,cis-9,12-octadecadienoyl-coenzyme A cis,cis-9,12-octadecadienoyl-CoA cis-Delta(9,12)-octadecadienoyl-coenzyme A alpha-linolenoyl-coenzyme A cis,cis-linoleoyl-CoA ChEBI CHEBI:51985 Reactome Database ID Release 77 2046062 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046062 Reactome R-ALL-2046062 3 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-2046062.3 ACTIVATION ACSL1 Reactome DB_ID: 2046075 ACSL1 acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 1 Reactome DB_ID: 201038 UniProt:P33121 ACSL1 ACSL1 FACL1 FACL2 LACS LACS1 LACS2 FUNCTION Catalyzes the conversion of long-chain fatty acids to their active form acyl-CoAs for both synthesis of cellular lipids, and degradation via beta-oxidation (PubMed:24269233, PubMed:22633490, PubMed:21242590). Preferentially uses palmitoleate, oleate and linoleate (PubMed:24269233). Preferentially activates arachidonate than epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) or hydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (HETEs) (By similarity).ACTIVITY REGULATION Inhibited at high temperature and by arachidonate.TISSUE SPECIFICITY Highly expressed in liver, heart, skeletal muscle, kidney and erythroid cells, and to a lesser extent in brain, lung, placenta and pancreas.DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE Expressed during the early stages of erythroid development while expression is very low in reticulocytes and young erythrocytes.SIMILARITY Belongs to the ATP-dependent AMP-binding enzyme family. Homo sapiens NCBI Taxonomy 9606 UniProt P33121 1 EQUAL 698 EQUAL Reactome Database ID Release 77 201038 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=201038 Reactome R-HSA-201038 1 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-201038.1 1 Mg2+ Magnesium magnesium(2+) Mg++ Reactome DB_ID: 217314 magnesium(2+) [ChEBI:18420] magnesium(2+) ChEBI CHEBI:18420 Reactome Database ID Release 77 217314 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=217314 Reactome R-ALL-217314 3 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-217314.3 COMPOUND C00305 1 Reactome Database ID Release 77 2046075 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046075 Reactome R-HSA-2046075 1 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-2046075.1 GENE ONTOLOGY GO:0004467 gene ontology term for cellular function MI MI:0355 Same Catalyst Activity Reactome Database ID Release 77 2046080 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046080 Reactome Database ID Release 77 2046085 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046085 Reactome R-HSA-2046085 1 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-2046085.1 7061494 Pubmed 1982 Discovery of an arachidonoyl coenzyme A synthetase in human platelets Wilson, DB Prescott, SM Majerus, PW J Biol Chem 257:3510-5 978-0-12-417762-8 ISBN 2003 Docosahexaenoic acid Biosketch, Kohlmeier Nutrient Metabolism (Book): 164-175 LEFT-TO-RIGHT 1.14.19.3 Desaturation of alpha-linoleoyl-CoA to Stearidonoyl-CoA Alpha-linoloyl-CoA is converted to Stearidonoyl-CoA (SDA, 6,9,12,15-18:3(n-3)) by delta-6-destaurase (fatty acid desaturase-2, FADS2). FADS2 uses the cytochrome b5 system to add a double bond at position 6. This is the rate limiting step in alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) metabolism (Horrobin 1993). Authored: Garapati, P V, 2012-01-11 Edited: Garapati, P V, 2012-01-11 NADH Reactome DB_ID: 194697 NADH(2-) [ChEBI:57945] NADH(2-) NADH dianion adenosine 5'-{3-[1-(3-carbamoyl-1,4-dihydropyridin-1-yl)-1,4-anhydro-D-ribitol-5-yl] diphosphate} NADH ChEBI CHEBI:57945 Reactome Database ID Release 77 194697 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=194697 Reactome R-ALL-194697 3 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-194697.3 COMPOUND C00004 2 O2 Oxygen dioxygen Reactome DB_ID: 113534 dioxygen [ChEBI:15379] dioxygen ChEBI CHEBI:15379 Reactome Database ID Release 77 113534 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113534 Reactome R-ALL-113534 3 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-113534.3 COMPOUND C00007 SDA-CoA Stearidonoyl-CoA (SDA-CoA) (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatetraenoyl-CoA 18:4(n-3) Reactome DB_ID: 2046052 (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatetraenoyl-CoA [ChEBI:63545] (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatetraenoyl-CoA ChEBI CHEBI:63545 Reactome Database ID Release 77 2046052 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046052 Reactome R-ALL-2046052 3 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-2046052.3 H2O water Reactome DB_ID: 113519 water [ChEBI:15377] water ChEBI CHEBI:15377 Reactome Database ID Release 77 113519 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113519 Reactome R-ALL-113519 3 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-113519.3 COMPOUND C00001 2 NAD NAD+ NAD(+) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide DPN Diphosphopyridine nucleotide Reactome DB_ID: 194653 NAD(1-) [ChEBI:57540] NAD(1-) adenosine 5'-{3-[1-(3-carbamoylpyridinio)-1,4-anhydro-D-ribitol-5-yl] diphosphate} NAD(+) NAD anion ChEBI CHEBI:57540 Reactome Database ID Release 77 194653 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=194653 Reactome R-ALL-194653 4 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-194653.4 COMPOUND C00003 2 ACTIVATION FADS2 delta-6 desaturase Fatty acid desaturase 2 FADS2_HUMAN Reactome DB_ID: 2046069 UniProt:O95864 FADS2 FADS2 FUNCTION Involved in the biosynthesis of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) from the essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) linoleic acid (LA) (18:2n-6) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) (18:3n-3) precursors, acting as a fatty acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) desaturase that introduces a cis double bond at carbon 6 of the fatty acyl chain. Catalyzes the first and rate limiting step in this pathway which is the desaturation of LA (18:2n-6) and ALA (18:3n-3) into gamma-linoleate (GLA) (18:3n-6) and stearidonate (18:4n-3), respectively (PubMed:12713571). Subsequently, in the biosynthetic pathway of HUFA n-3 series, it desaturates tetracosapentaenoate (24:5n-3) to tetracosahexaenoate (24:6n-3), which is then converted to docosahexaenoate (DHA)(22:6n-3), an important lipid for nervous system function (By similarity). Desaturates hexadecanate (palmitate) to produce 6Z-hexadecenoate (sapienate), a fatty acid unique to humans and major component of human sebum, that has been implicated in the development of acne and may have potent antibacterial activity (PubMed:12713571). It can also desaturate (11E)-octadecenoate (trans-vaccenoate, the predominant trans fatty acid in human milk) at carbon 6 generating (6Z,11E)-octadecadienoate (By similarity). In addition to Delta-6 activity, this enzyme exhibits Delta-8 activity with slight biases toward n-3 fatty acyl-CoA substrates (By similarity).PATHWAY Lipid metabolism; polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis.TISSUE SPECIFICITY Expressed in a wide array of tissues, highest expression is found in liver followed by brain, lung, heart, and retina. A lower level is found in breast tumor when compared with normal tissues; lowest levels were found in patients with poor prognostic index.DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE Found in fetal heart.INDUCTION Repressed by dietary highly unsaturated fatty acids.DOMAIN The protein sequence includes a number of characteristic features of microsomal fatty acid desaturases including the three histidine boxes HXXXH, HXXHH, and QXXHH (these domains may contain the active site and/or be involved in metal ion binding), and the N-terminal cytochrome b5 domain containing the heme-binding motif, HPGG, similar to that of other fatty acid desaturases.SIMILARITY Belongs to the fatty acid desaturase type 1 family. UniProt O95864 1 EQUAL 444 EQUAL Reactome Database ID Release 77 2046069 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046069 Reactome R-HSA-2046069 1 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-2046069.1 GENE ONTOLOGY GO:0016213 Reactome Database ID Release 77 2046082 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046082 Reactome Database ID Release 77 2046084 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046084 Reactome R-HSA-2046084 1 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-2046084.1 12562861 Pubmed 2003 Regulation of human delta-6 desaturase gene transcription: identification of a functional direct repeat-1 element Tang, C Cho, HP Nakamura, MT Clarke, SD J Lipid Res 44:686-95 12713571 Pubmed 2003 识别的delta-6 desaturase的人类sebaceous glands: expression and enzyme activity Ge, L Gordon, JS Hsuan, C Stenn, K Prouty, SM J Invest Dermatol 120:707-14 8386433 Pubmed 1993 Fatty acid metabolism in health and disease: the role of delta-6-desaturase Horrobin, DF Am J Clin Nutr 57:732S-736S; discussion 736S-737S 1346092 Pubmed 1992 Comparison of the conversion rates of alpha-linolenic acid (18:3(n - 3)) and stearidonic acid (18:4(n - 3)) to longer polyunsaturated fatty acids in rats 山崎,K Fujikawa, M Hamazaki, T Yano, S Shono, T Biochim Biophys Acta 1123:18-26 11988075 Pubmed 2002 The same rat Delta6-desaturase not only acts on 18- but also on 24-carbon fatty acids in very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis d'Andréa, S Guillou, H Jan, S Catheline, D Thibault, JN Bouriel, M Rioux, V Legrand, P Biochem J 364:49-55 19056654 Pubmed 2009 Dietary stearidonic acid is a long chain (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid with potential health benefits Whelan, J J Nutr 139:5-10 LEFT-TO-RIGHT Elongation of stearidonoyl-CoA to eicosatetraenoyl-CoA SDA-CoA (6,9,12,15-18:4(n-3)) is rapidly elongated by two carbon atoms to 8,11,14,17-eicosatetraenoyl-CoA (8,11,14,17-20:4(n-3), ETA-CoA). The NADPH-consuming enzyme long-chain fatty acyl elongase (ELOVL5) mediates this reaction which and adds malonyl-CoA to the SDA-CoA and releases carbon dioxide and free CoA (Leonard et al. 2004). Authored: Garapati, P V, 2012-01-11 Edited: Garapati, P V, 2012-01-11 TPNH NADPH Reactome DB_ID: 113601 NADPH [ChEBI:16474] NADPH TPNH ChEBI CHEBI:16474 Reactome Database ID Release 77 113601 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113601 Reactome R-ALL-113601 2 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-113601.2 COMPOUND C00005 2 Malonyl-CoA Malonyl coenzyme A Reactome DB_ID: 2046066 malonyl-CoA [ChEBI:15531] malonyl-CoA ChEBI CHEBI:15531 Reactome Database ID Release 77 2046066 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046066 Reactome R-ALL-2046066 2 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-2046066.2 COMPOUND C00083 CO2 carbon dioxide Reactome DB_ID: 159751 carbon dioxide [ChEBI:16526] carbon dioxide ChEBI CHEBI:16526 Reactome Database ID Release 77 159751 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=159751 Reactome R-ALL-159751 3 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-159751.3 COMPOUND C00011 TPN NADP+ NADP NADP(+) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate beta-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate Triphosphopyridine nucleotide Reactome DB_ID: 113564 NADP(+) [ChEBI:18009] NADP(+) ChEBI CHEBI:18009 Reactome Database ID Release 77 113564 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113564 Reactome R-ALL-113564 3 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-113564.3 COMPOUND C00006 2 ETA-CoA 8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z-Eicosatetraenoyl-CoA (ETA-CoA) (8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosatetraenoyl-CoA 8,11,14,17-20:4(n-3) Reactome DB_ID: 2046051 (8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosatetraenoyl-CoA [ChEBI:63542] (8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosatetraenoyl-CoA ChEBI CHEBI:63542 Reactome Database ID Release 77 2046051 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046051 Reactome R-ALL-2046051 3 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-2046051.3 ACTIVATION Converted from EntitySet in Reactome ELOVL1,2,3,5 Reactome DB_ID: 5676214 ELOVL1 Elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein 1 Reactome DB_ID: 548764 UniProt:Q9BW60 ELOVL1 ELOVL1 SSC1 CGI-88 功能催化第一和病原意图ction of the four reactions that constitute the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle (PubMed:29496980, PubMed:30487246). This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process allows the addition of 2 carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) per cycle. Condensing enzyme that exhibits activity toward saturated and monounsaturated acyl-CoA substrates, with the highest activity towards C22:0 acyl-CoA. May participate in the production of both saturated and monounsaturated VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators. Important for saturated C24:0 and monounsaturated C24:1 sphingolipid synthesis (PubMed:20937905). Indirectly inhibits RPE65 via production of VLCFAs.PATHWAY Lipid metabolism; fatty acid biosynthesis.SUBUNIT Interacts with LASS2, TECR and HSD17B12.TISSUE SPECIFICITY Ubiquitous.DOMAIN The C-terminal di-lysine motif may confer endoplasmic reticulum localization.SIMILARITY Belongs to the ELO family. ELOVL1 subfamily. UniProt Q9BW60 1 EQUAL 279 EQUAL Reactome Database ID Release 77 548764 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=548764 Reactome R-HSA-548764 1 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-548764.1 ELOVL2 Elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein 2 Reactome DB_ID: 548677 UniProt:Q9NXB9 ELOVL2 ELOVL2 ELG3 SSC2 功能催化第一和病原意图ction of the four reactions that constitute the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process allows the addition of 2 carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) per cycle. Condensing enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of polyunsaturated very long chain fatty acid (C20- and C22-PUFA), acting specifically toward polyunsaturated acyl-CoA with the higher activity toward C20:4(n-6) acyl-CoA. May participate in the production of polyunsaturated VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators.PATHWAY Lipid metabolism; polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis.TISSUE SPECIFICITY Liver and testis.DOMAIN The C-terminal di-lysine motif may confer endoplasmic reticulum localization.SIMILARITY Belongs to the ELO family. ELOVL2 subfamily. UniProt Q9NXB9 1 EQUAL 296 EQUAL Reactome Database ID Release 77 548677 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=548677 Reactome R-HSA-548677 1 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-548677.1 ELOVL3 Elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein 3 Reactome DB_ID: 548785 UniProt:Q9HB03 ELOVL3 ELOVL3 CIG30 功能催化第一和病原意图ction of the four reactions that constitute the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process allows the addition of 2 carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) per cycle. Condensing enzyme that exhibits activity toward saturated and unsaturated acyl-CoA substrates with higher activity toward C18 acyl-CoAs, especially C18:0 acyl-CoAs. May participate in the production of saturated and monounsaturated VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators.PATHWAY Lipid metabolism; polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis.TISSUE SPECIFICITY Testis.DOMAIN The C-terminal di-lysine motif may confer endoplasmic reticulum localization.PTM N-Glycosylated.SIMILARITY Belongs to the ELO family. ELOVL3 subfamily. UniProt Q9HB03 1 EQUAL 270 EQUAL Reactome Database ID Release 77 548785 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=548785 Reactome R-HSA-548785 1 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-548785.1 ELOVL5 Elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein 5 Reactome DB_ID: 548679 UniProt:Q9NYP7 ELOVL5 ELOVL5 ELOVL2 PRO0530 功能催化第一和病原意图ction of the four reactions that constitute the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process allows the addition of 2 carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) per cycle. Condensing enzyme that acts specifically toward polyunsaturated acyl-CoA with the higher activity toward C18:3(n-6) acyl-CoA. May participate in the production of monounsaturated and of polyunsaturated VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators (By similarity) (PubMed:10970790, PubMed:20937905). In conditions where the essential linoleic and alpha linoleic fatty acids are lacking it is also involved in the synthesis of Mead acid from oleic acid (By similarity).PATHWAY Lipid metabolism; polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis.TISSUE SPECIFICITY Ubiquitous. Highly expressed in the adrenal gland and testis. Weakly expressed in prostate, lung and brain. Expressed in the cerebellum.SIMILARITY Belongs to the ELO family. ELOVL5 subfamily. UniProt Q9NYP7 1 EQUAL 299 EQUAL Reactome Database ID Release 77 548679 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=548679 Reactome R-HSA-548679 1 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-548679.1 Reactome Database ID Release 77 5676214 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=5676214 Reactome R-HSA-5676214 1 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-5676214.1 GENE ONTOLOGY GO:0009922 Reactome Database ID Release 77 548806 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=548806 Reactome Database ID Release 77 2046088 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046088 Reactome R-HSA-2046088 2 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-2046088.2 14636670 Pubmed 2004 Elongation of long-chain fatty acids Leonard, AE Pereira, SL Sprecher, H Huang, YS Prog Lipid Res 43:36-54 10899997 Pubmed 2000 Identification and characterization of an enzyme involved in the elongation of n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids Parker-Barnes, JM Das, T Bobik, E Leonard, AE Thurmond, JM Chaung, LT Huang, YS Mukerji, P Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97:8284-9 12716664 Pubmed 2003 Metabolism of stearidonic acid in human subjects: comparison with the metabolism of other n-3 fatty acids James, MJ Ursin, VM Cleland, LG Am J Clin Nutr 77:1140-5 LEFT-TO-RIGHT Desaturation of eicosatetraenoyl-CoA to eicosapentaenoyl-CoA Eicosatetraenoyl-CoA (ETA-CoA) is desaturated by an additional carbon-carbon bond to form 5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z-eicosapentaenoyl-CoA (EPA-CoA, 5,8,11,14,17-20:5(n-3)). Delta-5-desaturase is required for this conversion. EPA-CoA has health benefits due to its anti-inflammatory actions. It is a precursor for the anti-inflammatory series-3 prostaglandins (PG), the series-5 leukotrienes (LT) and the series-3 thromboxanes (TA), which are anti-atherogenic and anti-thrombogenic (Ross et al. 2009). Authored: Garapati, P V, 2012-01-11 Edited: Garapati, P V, 2012-01-11 2 EPA-CoA 5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z-eicosapentaenoyl-CoA (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosapentaenoyl-CoA 5,8,11,14,17-20:5(n-3) Reactome DB_ID: 2046059 (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosapentaenoyl-CoA [ChEBI:63539] (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosapentaenoyl-CoA ChEBI CHEBI:63539 Reactome Database ID Release 77 2046059 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046059 Reactome R-ALL-2046059 3 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-2046059.3 2 2 ACTIVATION FADS1 Fatty acid desaturase 1 FADS1_HUMAN Reactome DB_ID: 400122 UniProt:O60427 FADS1 FADS1 FADSD5 PATHWAY Lipid metabolism; polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis.TISSUE SPECIFICITY Widely expressed, with highest levels in liver, brain, adrenal gland and heart. Highly expressed in fetal liver and brain.INDUCTION Strongly down-regulated upon differentiation in a neuroblastoma cell line (at protein level).DOMAIN The histidine box domains may contain the active site and/or be involved in metal ion binding.SIMILARITY Belongs to the fatty acid desaturase type 1 family. UniProt O60427 1 EQUAL 501 EQUAL Reactome Database ID Release 77 400122 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=400122 Reactome R-HSA-400122 1 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-400122.1 GENE ONTOLOGY GO:0045485 Reactome Database ID Release 77 2046077 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046077 Reactome Database ID Release 77 2046089 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046089 Reactome R-HSA-2046089 1 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-2046089.1 8096621 Pubmed 1993 Comparison of the metabolism of alpha-linolenic acid and its delta 6 desaturation product, stearidonic acid, in cultured NIH-3T3 cells Cantrill, RC Huang, YS Ells, GW Horrobin, DF Lipids 28:163-6 10601301 Pubmed 1999 Cloning, expression, and fatty acid regulation of the human delta-5 desaturase Cho, HP Nakamura, M Clarke, SD J Biol Chem 274:37335-9 19422375 Pubmed 2009 Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: new insights into mechanisms relating to inflammation and coronary heart disease de Roos, B Mavrommatis, Y Brouwer, IA Br J Pharmacol 158:413-28 LEFT-TO-RIGHT Elongation of eicosapentaenoyl-CoA to docosapentaenoyl-CoA Eicosapentaenoyl-CoA (EPA-CoA) is transformed to docosapentaenoyl-CoA (DPA-CoA/clupanodonic acid; 7,10,13,16,19-22:5(n-3)) by addition of two carbon atoms from malanoyl-CoA. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzymes ELOVL5/2 (Leonard et al. 2004). DPA is quite high in seal oil and may act as an anti-atherogenic factor. DPA has 10-fold greater endothelial cell migration ability than EPA, which is important in wound-healing processes. DPA may act as a precursor for production of the DPA-related D-series of resolvins or neuroprotectins (Kaur et al. 2011). Authored: Garapati, P V, 2012-01-11 Edited: Garapati, P V, 2012-01-11 2 2 DPA-CoA 7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z-docosapentaenoyl-CoA (DPA-CoA) (7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosapentaenoyl-CoA docosapentaenoyl-CoA 7,10,13,16,19-22:5(n-3) Reactome DB_ID: 2046057 (7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosapentaenoyl-CoA [ChEBI:63541] (7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosapentaenoyl-CoA ChEBI CHEBI:63541 Reactome Database ID Release 77 2046057 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046057 Reactome R-ALL-2046057 3 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-2046057.3 ACTIVATION Converted from EntitySet in Reactome ELOVL5/ELOVL2 Reactome DB_ID: 2046072 Reactome Database ID Release 77 2046072 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046072 Reactome R-HSA-2046072 1 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-2046072.1 Reactome Database ID Release 77 2046081 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046081 Reactome Database ID Release 77 2046100 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046100 Reactome R-HSA-2046100 1 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-2046100.1 8832760 Pubmed 1996 Docosapentaenoic acid (22:5, n-3), an elongation metabolite of eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5, n-3), is a potent stimulator of endothelial cell migration on pretreatment in vitro Kanayasu-Toyoda, T Morita, I Murota, S Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 54:319-25 12323085 Pubmed 2002 Eicosapentaenoic and docosapentaenoic acids are the principal products of alpha-linolenic acid metabolism in young men* Burdge, Graham C Jones, AE Wootton, SA Br J Nutr 88:355-63 12323090 Pubmed 2002 Conversion of alpha-linolenic acid to eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in young women Burdge, Graham C Wootton, SA Br J Nutr 88:411-20 20655949 Pubmed 2011 Docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-3): a review of its biological effects Kaur, G Cameron-Smith, D Garg, M Sinclair, AJ Prog Lipid Res 50:28-34 LEFT-TO-RIGHT Elongation of docosapentaenoyl-CoA to tetracosapentaenoyl-CoA Docosapentaenoyl-CoA is elongated to tetracosapentaenoyl-CoA (9,12,15,18,21-24:5(n-3)) by the enzyme ELOVL2. Authored: Garapati, P V, 2012-01-11 Edited: Garapati, P V, 2012-01-11 2 2 TPA-CoA 9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z-tetracosapentaenoyl-CoA (TPA-CoA) (9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-tetracosapentaenoyl-CoA 9,12,15,18,21-tetracosapentaenoyl-CoA 9,12,15,18,21-24:5(n-3) Reactome DB_ID: 2046065 (9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-tetracosapentaenoyl-CoA [ChEBI:63543] (9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-tetracosapentaenoyl-CoA ChEBI CHEBI:63543 Reactome Database ID Release 77 2046065 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046065 Reactome R-ALL-2046065 3 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-2046065.3 ACTIVATION Reactome Database ID Release 77 548822 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=548822 Reactome Database ID Release 77 2046090 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046090 Reactome R-HSA-2046090 1 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-2046090.1 1834642 Pubmed 1991 The metabolism of 7,10,13,16,19-docosapentaenoic acid to 4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid in rat liver is independent of a 4-desaturase Voss, A Reinhart, M Sankarappa, S Sprecher, H J Biol Chem 266:19995-20000 LEFT-TO-RIGHT 1.14.19.3 Desaturation of tetracosapentaenoyl-CoA to tetracosahexaenoyl-CoA Tetracosapentaenoyl-CoA (9,12,15,18,21-24:5(n-3)) is further converted by delta 6-desaturase (FADS2) to tetracosahexaenoyl-CoA (6,9,12,15,18,21-24:6(n-3)). Authored: Garapati, P V, 2012-01-11 Edited: Garapati, P V, 2012-01-11 2 2 2 THA-CoA 6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z-tetracosahexaenoyl-CoA (THA-CoA) (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-tetracosahexaenoyl-CoA 6,9,12,15,18,21-24:6(n-3) Reactome DB_ID: 2046054 (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-tetracosahexaenoyl-CoA [ChEBI:63540] (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-tetracosahexaenoyl-CoA ChEBI CHEBI:63540 Reactome Database ID Release 77 2046054 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046054 Reactome R-ALL-2046054 3 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-2046054.3 ACTIVATION Reactome Database ID Release 77 2046099 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046099 Reactome R-HSA-2046099 1 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-2046099.1 LEFT-TO-RIGHT 7.6.2.4 Translocation of tetracosahexaenoyl-CoA to peroxisomes The 24-carbon tetracosahexaenoyl-CoA (6,9,12,15,18,21-24:6(n-3) is transported to peroxisomes to undergo a putative single cycle of peroxisomal beta-oxidation, producing Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) (Sprecher 2002, Luthria et al. 1996). Authored: Garapati, P V, 2012-01-11 Edited: Garapati, P V, 2012-01-11 ADP ADP(3-) Reactome DB_ID: 211606 ADP(3-) [ChEBI:456216] ADP(3-) ADP 5'-O-[(phosphonatooxy)phosphinato]adenosine ADP trianion ChEBI CHEBI:456216 Reactome Database ID Release 77 211606 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=211606 Reactome R-ALL-211606 3 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-211606.3 THA-CoA 6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z-tetracosahexaenoyl-CoA (THA-CoA) (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-tetracosahexaenoyl-CoA 6,9,12,15,18,21-24:6(n-3) Reactome DB_ID: 2046047 peroxisomal matrix GENE ONTOLOGY GO:0005782 Reactome Database ID Release 77 2046047 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046047 Reactome R-ALL-2046047 3 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-2046047.3 PI Phosphatidyl 1D-myo-inositol 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol Reactome DB_ID: 426639 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol (ChEBI: 16749) 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol ChEBI CHEBI:16749 Reactome Database ID Release 77 426639 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=426639 Reactome R-ALL-426639 3 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-426639.3 COMPOUND C01194 ACTIVATION ALDP ABCD1 Reactome DB_ID: 382566 peroxisomal membrane GENE ONTOLOGY GO:0005778 UniProt:P33897 ABCD1 ABCD1 ALD 函数在运输过程中发挥作用的免费版本y-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) as well as their CoA-esters across the peroxisomal membrane by acting as an ATP-specific binding subunit releasing ADP after ATP hydrolysis (PubMed:15682271, PubMed:11248239, PubMed:16946495, PubMed:18757502). Thus, plays a role in regulation of VLCFAs and energy metabolism namely, in the degradation and biosynthesis of fatty acids by beta-oxidation, mitochondrial function and microsomal fatty acid elongation (PubMed:23671276). Involved in several processes; namely, controls the active myelination phase by negatively regulating the microsomal fatty acid elongation activity and may also play a role in axon and myelin maintenance. Controls also the cellular response to oxidative stress by regulating mitochondrial function like, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and depolarization. And finally controls the inflammatory response by positively regulating peroxisomal beta-oxidation of VLCFAs (By similarity).SUBUNIT Can form homooligomers, homodimers and heterodimers with ABCD2/ALDR and ABCD3/PMP70. Dimerization is necessary to form an active transporter (PubMed:17609205, PubMed:10551832). Interacts with PEX19; facilitates ABCD1 insertion into the peroxisome membrane (PubMed:10777694, PubMed:10704444).INDUCTION Up-regulated by degradation or export of cholesterol.DOMAIN The NH2-terminal transmembrane domaine (TMD) is involved in the recognition of substrates, and undergoes a conformational change upon ATP binding to the COOH-terminal nucleotide binding domain (NBD).PTM Tyrosine-phosphorylated.DISEASE The promoter region of ABCD1 is deleted in the chromosome Xq28 deletion syndrome which involves ABCD1 and the neighboring gene BCAP31.SIMILARITY Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCD family. Peroxisomal fatty acyl CoA transporter (TC 3.A.1.203) subfamily. UniProt P33897 1 EQUAL 745 EQUAL Reactome Database ID Release 77 382566 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=382566 Reactome R-HSA-382566 1 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-382566.1 GENE ONTOLOGY GO:0005324 Reactome Database ID Release 77 2046078 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046078 Reactome Database ID Release 77 2046087 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046087 Reactome R-HSA-2046087 2 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-2046087.2 12897190 Pubmed 2003 Studies on the metabolic fate of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids Ferdinandusse, Sacha Denis, Simone Dacremont, Georges Wanders, Ronald J A J Lipid Res 44:1992-7 11500517 Pubmed 2001 Peroxisomal straight-chain Acyl-CoA oxidase and D-bifunctional protein are essential for the retroconversion step in docosahexaenoic acid synthesis Su, HM Moser, AB Moser, HW Watkins, PA J临床生物化学276:38115-20 8656081 Pubmed 1995 Docosahexaenoic acid synthesis in human skin fibroblasts involves peroxisomal retroconversion of tetracosahexaenoic acid Moore, SA Hurt, E Yoder, E Sprecher, H Spector, AA J Lipid Res 36:2433-43 12324224 Pubmed 2002 The roles of anabolic and catabolic reactions in the synthesis and recycling of polyunsaturated fatty acids Sprecher, H Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 67:79-83 8663162 Pubmed 1996 Regulation of the biosynthesis of 4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid Luthria, DL Mohammed, BS Sprecher, H J Biol Chem 271:16020-5 LEFT-TO-RIGHT 1.3.3.6 Oxidation of tetracosapentaenoyl-CoA to delta2-tetracosaheptaenoyl-CoA Retroconversion of C24:6(n-3) to docosahexaenoic acid (22:6(n-3) involves the initial oxidation of tetracosahexaenoyl-CoA to an intermediate 1-(2E,6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z-tetracosaheptaenoyl)-CoA (delta2-THA-CoA). This step is catalysed by the peroxisomal enzyme Straight-chain acyl-CoA oxidase (SCOX) (Ferdinandusse et al. 2001). Authored: Garapati, P V, 2012-01-11 Edited: Garapati, P V, 2012-01-11 O2 Oxygen dioxygen Reactome DB_ID: 113535 Reactome Database ID Release 77 113535 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113535 Reactome R-ALL-113535 3 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-113535.3 COMPOUND C00007 delta2-THA-CoA 1-(2E,6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z-tetracosaheptaenoyl)-CoA (2E,6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-tetracosaheptaenoyl-CoA Reactome DB_ID: 2066767 (2E,6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-tetracosaheptaenoyl-CoA [ChEBI:65139] (2E,6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-tetracosaheptaenoyl-CoA ChEBI CHEBI:65139 Reactome Database ID Release 77 2066767 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2066767 Reactome R-ALL-2066767 3 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-2066767.3 H2O2 hydrogen peroxide Reactome DB_ID: 113575 hydrogen peroxide [ChEBI:16240] hydrogen peroxide ChEBI CHEBI:16240 Reactome Database ID Release 77 113575 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113575 Reactome R-ALL-113575 3 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-113575.3 COMPOUND C00027 ACTIVATION ACOX1 dimer Reactome DB_ID: 390232 ACOX1:FAD complex Reactome DB_ID: 390237 FAD Reactome DB_ID: 141335 FAD [ChEBI:16238] FAD Flavin adenine dinucleotide ChEBI CHEBI:16238 Reactome Database ID Release 77 141335 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=141335 Reactome R-ALL-141335 2 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-141335.2 1 ACOX1-2 Peroxisomal acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1 ACOX1 isoform 2 Reactome DB_ID: 390263 UniProt:Q15067-2 ACOX1 ACOX1 ACOX FUNCTION Catalyzes the desaturation of acyl-CoAs to 2-trans-enoyl-CoAs. First enzyme of the fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway.PATHWAY Lipid metabolism; peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation.SUBUNIT Homodimer (PubMed:32169171). Interacts with LONP2 (PubMed:18281296).TISSUE SPECIFICITY Widely expressed with highest levels of isoform 1 and isoform 2 detected in testis. Isoform 1 is expressed at higher levels than isoform 2 in liver and kidney while isoform 2 levels are higher in brain, lung, muscle, white adipose tissue and testis. Levels are almost equal in heart.MISCELLANEOUS Isoform 1 and isoform 2 can reverse the Acox1 null phenotype in mouse which is characterized by severe microvesicular hepatic steatosis, sustained activation of PPARA, spontaneous massive peroxisome proliferation and eventual development of hepatocellular carcinomas. Isoform 2 is more effective in reversal of the phenotype than isoform 1 (PubMed:20195242).SIMILARITY Belongs to the acyl-CoA oxidase family. UniProt Isoform Q15067-2 1 EQUAL 660 EQUAL Reactome Database ID Release 77 390263 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=390263 Reactome R-HSA-390263 1 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-390263.1 1 Reactome Database ID Release 77 390237 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=390237 Reactome R-HSA-390237 1 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-390237.1 2 Reactome Database ID Release 77 390232 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=390232 Reactome R-HSA-390232 1 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-390232.1 GENE ONTOLOGY GO:0003997 Reactome Database ID Release 77 390231 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=390231 Reactome Database ID Release 77 2066787 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2066787 Reactome R-HSA-2066787 1 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-2066787.1 11734571 Pubmed 2001 Identification of the peroxisomal beta-oxidation enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of docosahexaenoic acid Ferdinandusse, Sacha Denis, Simone Mooijer, PA Zhang, Z Reddy, Janardan K Spector, AA Wanders, Ronald J A J Lipid Res 42:1987-95 LEFT-TO-RIGHT 4.2.1.74 Hydration of delta2-tetracosaheptaenoyl-CoA to 3-hydroxy tetracosahexaenoyl-CoA Delta2-THA-CoA is hydrated to 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA intermediate 1-(3-hydroxy-6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z-tetracosahexaenoyl)-CoA by HSD17B4/DBP (d-bifunctional protein) dimer. Authored: Garapati, P V, 2012-01-11 Edited: Garapati, P V, 2012-01-11 H2O water Reactome DB_ID: 141343 Reactome Database ID Release 77 141343 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=141343 Reactome R-ALL-141343 3 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-141343.3 1-3-hydroxy-THA-CoA 1 - (3-hydroxy-6Z 9 z 12 z, 15 z, 18 z, 21 z-tetracosahexaenoyl)-CoA (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-3-hydroxytetracosahexaenoyl-CoA Reactome DB_ID: 2066766 (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-3-hydroxytetracosahexaenoyl-CoA [ChEBI:65130] (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-3-hydroxytetracosahexaenoyl-CoA ChEBI CHEBI:65130 Reactome Database ID Release 77 2066766 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2066766 Reactome R-ALL-2066766 3 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-2066766.3 ACTIVATION HSD17B4 dimer Peroxisomal multifunctional enzyme type 2 dimer Reactome DB_ID: 389999 HSD17B4 HSD17B4(1-736) Peroxisomal multifunctional enzyme type 2 hydroxysteroid (17 beta)脱氢酶4 DHB4_HUMAN Reactome DB_ID: 192322 UniProt:P51659 HSD17B4 HSD17B4 EDH17B4 SDR8C1 FUNCTION Bifunctional enzyme acting on the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway for fatty acids. Catalyzes the formation of 3-ketoacyl-CoA intermediates from straight-chain, 2-methyl-branched-chain fatty acids bile acid intermediates. With EHHADH, catalyzes the hydration of trans-2-enoyl-CoA and the dehydrogenation of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA, but with opposite chiral specificity (PubMed:10671535).PATHWAY Lipid metabolism; fatty acid beta-oxidation.SUBUNIT Homodimer.TISSUE SPECIFICITY Present in many tissues with highest concentrations in liver, heart, prostate and testis.MISCELLANEOUS The protein is found both as a full-length peptide and in a cleaved version.SIMILARITY Belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family. UniProt P51659 1 EQUAL 736 EQUAL Reactome Database ID Release 77 192322 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=192322 Reactome R-HSA-192322 2 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-192322.2 2 Reactome Database ID Release 77 389999 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=389999 Reactome R-HSA-389999 1 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-389999.1 GENE ONTOLOGY GO:0016508 Reactome Database ID Release 77 389989 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=389989 Reactome Database ID Release 77 2066778 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2066778 Reactome R-HSA-2066778 1 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-2066778.1 9089413 Pubmed 1997 Structure of D-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratase/D-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase bifunctional protein Jiang, LL Miyazawa, S Souri, M Hashimoto, Takashi J Biochem 121:364-9 LEFT-TO-RIGHT 4.2.1.74 Dehydrogenation of 3-hydroxy tetracosahexaenoyl-CoA 3-hydroxy tetracosahexaenoyl-CoA undergoes dehydrogenation to form 1-(3-oxo-6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z-tetracosahexaenoyl)-CoA, catalysed by DBP. DBP is a bifunctional enzyme, involved in the hydration of a variety of trans-2,3-dehydroacyl-CoA's but also mediating dehydrogenation of a variety of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA's (Jiang et al. 1997). Authored: Garapati, P V, 2012-01-11 Edited: Garapati, P V, 2012-01-11 1-3-oxo-THA-CoA 1-(3-oxo-6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z-tetracosahexaenoyl)-CoA (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-3-oxotetracosahexaenoyl-CoA Reactome DB_ID: 2066762 (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-3-oxotetracosahexaenoyl-CoA [ChEBI:65131] (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-3-oxotetracosahexaenoyl-CoA ChEBI CHEBI:65131 Reactome Database ID Release 77 2066762 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2066762 Reactome R-ALL-2066762 3 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-2066762.3 ACTIVATION Reactome Database ID Release 77 2066780 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2066780 Reactome R-HSA-2066780 1 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-2066780.1 LEFT-TO-RIGHT 2.3.1.176 Formation of DHA-CoA catalysed by sterol carrier protein X (SCPx) The final step in the beta-oxidation process is the thiolytic cleavage of 1-(3-oxo-6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z-tetracosahexaenoyl)-CoA to form docosahexaenoyl-CoA (DHA-CoA). This step is catalysed by both sterol carrier protein X (SCPx) (this reaction) and the classic 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (Ferdinandusse et al. 2001). Authored: Garapati, P V, 2012-01-11 Edited: Garapati, P V, 2012-01-11 CoA-SH coenzyme A Reactome DB_ID: 193514 Reactome Database ID Release 77 193514 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=193514 Reactome R-ALL-193514 3 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-193514.3 COMPOUND C00010 DHA-CoA 4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z-docosahexaenoyl-CoA (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoyl-CoA Reactome DB_ID: 2066765 (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoyl-CoA [ChEBI:65132] (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoyl-CoA ChEBI CHEBI:65132 Reactome Database ID Release 77 2066765 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2066765 Reactome R-ALL-2066765 3 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-2066765.3 propionyl CoA propionyl-CoA Reactome DB_ID: 192314 propionyl-CoA [ChEBI:15539] propionyl-CoA ChEBI CHEBI:15539 Reactome Database ID Release 77 192314 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=192314 Reactome R-ALL-192314 3 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-192314.3 COMPOUND C00100 ACTIVATION SCP2 SCPx thiolase (SCPX) 没有n-specific lipid-transfer protein NLTP_HUMAN Reactome DB_ID: 2046067 UniProt:P22307 SCP2 SCP2 TISSUE SPECIFICITY Liver, fibroblasts, and placenta.INDUCTION Up-regulated by 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen.DISEASE Expression at protein level is almost abolished in Zellweger syndrome. Cholesterol transfer from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane was reduced in patient fibroblasts compared to controls.SIMILARITY In the N-terminal section; belongs to the thiolase-like superfamily. Thiolase family. UniProt P22307 1 EQUAL 547 EQUAL Reactome Database ID Release 77 2046067 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046067 Reactome R-HSA-2046067 1 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-2046067.1 GENE ONTOLOGY GO:0050632 Reactome Database ID Release 77 2066783 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2066783 Reactome Database ID Release 77 2066781 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2066781 Reactome R-HSA-2066781 2 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-2066781.2 LEFT-TO-RIGHT 2.8.3.8 Formation of DHA-CoA catalysed by 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase The final step in the beta-oxidation process is the thiolytic cleavage of 1-(3-oxo-6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z-tetracosahexaenoyl)-CoA to form docosahexaenoyl-CoA (DHA-CoA). This step is catalysed by both sterol carrier protein X (SCPx) and the classic 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (this reaction) (Ferdinandusse et al. 2001). Authored: Garapati, P V, 2012-01-11 Edited: Garapati, P V, 2012-01-11 Ac-CoA Acetyl coenzyme A acetyl-CoA Reactome DB_ID: 353123 acetyl-CoA [ChEBI:15351] acetyl-CoA ChEBI CHEBI:15351 Reactome Database ID Release 77 353123 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=353123 Reactome R-ALL-353123 3 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-353123.3 COMPOUND C00024 ACTIVATION ACAA1 Acetyl-Coenzyme A acyltransferase 1 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase, peroxisomal Reactome DB_ID: 390238 UniProt:P09110 ACAA1 ACAA1 ACAA PTHIO FUNCTION Responsible for the thiolytic cleavage of straight chain 3-oxoacyl-CoAs. Catalyzes the cleavage of short, medium and long straight chain 3-oxoacyl-CoAs, medium chain 3-oxoacyl-CoAs being the best substrates.PATHWAY Lipid metabolism; fatty acid metabolism.SUBUNIT Homodimer.INDUCTION Peroxisomal thiolase is markedly induced (at the level of transcription) by various hypolipidemic compounds in parallel with the other two enzymes of the peroxisomal beta-oxidation system.SIMILARITY Belongs to the thiolase-like superfamily. Thiolase family. UniProt P09110 27 EQUAL 424 EQUAL Reactome Database ID Release 77 390238 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=390238 Reactome R-HSA-390238 1 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-390238.1 GENE ONTOLOGY GO:0008775 Reactome Database ID Release 77 2066786 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2066786 Reactome Database ID Release 77 2066788 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2066788 Reactome R-HSA-2066788 2 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-2066788.2 LEFT-TO-RIGHT 3.1.2.1 Conversion of DHA-CoA to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) DHA-CoA优先移回到了呃,也许ps as a free fatty acid. This conversion is usually catalysed by acyl-CoA thioesterases (ACOTs). No specific acyl-CoA thioesterase enzyme has been identified for the peroxisomal metabolism of DHA-CoA, but the peroxisomal ACOT8 has a wide substrate specificity and is likely to be responsible (Ferdinandusse et al. 2003, Hunt & Alexson. 2008). Authored: Garapati, P V, 2012-01-11 Edited: Garapati, P V, 2012-01-11 DHA Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) all-cis-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-Docosahexaenoic acid 22:6(n-3) Reactome DB_ID: 2066763 all-cis-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid [ChEBI:28125] all-cis-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid ChEBI CHEBI:28125 Reactome Database ID Release 77 2066763 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2066763 Reactome R-ALL-2066763 3 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-2066763.3 ACTIVATION ACOT8 Acyl-coenzyme A thioesterase 8 Reactome DB_ID: 193426 UniProt:O14734 ACOT8 ACOT8 ACTEIII PTE1 FUNCTION Acyl-coenzyme A (acyl-CoA) thioesterases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of acyl-CoAs to the free fatty acid and coenzyme A (CoASH), providing the potential to regulate intracellular levels of acyl-CoAs, free fatty acids and CoASH (PubMed:9299485, PubMed:9153233, PubMed:15194431). Acyl-coenzyme A thioesterase 8/ACOT8 display no strong substrate specificity with respect to the carboxylic acid moiety of Acyl-CoAs (By similarity). Hydrolyzes medium length (C2 to C20) straight-chain, saturated and unsaturated acyl-CoAS but is inactive towards substrates with longer aliphatic chains (PubMed:9299485, PubMed:9153233). Moreover, it catalyzes the hydrolysis of CoA esters of bile acids, such as choloyl-CoA and chenodeoxycholoyl-CoA and competes with bile acid CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (BAAT) (By similarity). ACOT8 is also able to hydrolyze CoA esters of dicarboxylic acids (By similarity). It is involved in the metabolic regulation of peroxisome proliferation (PubMed:15194431).FUNCTION (Microbial infection) May mediate Nef-induced down-regulation of CD4 cell-surface expression (PubMed:9153233).ACTIVITY REGULATION Inhibited by CoASH (IC(50)=10-15 uM). Also inhibited by cysteine-reactive agents.PATHWAY Lipid metabolism; fatty acid metabolism.SUBUNIT Homodimer (By similarity).SUBUNIT (Microbial infection) Interacts with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) Nef (via middle region); this interaction enhances ACOT8 Acyl-CoA thioesterase activity and occurs in a Nef myristoylation-independent manner (PubMed:9299485). According to a second report, the interaction with HIV-1 Nef occurs in a Nef myristoylation-independent manner but does not enhance ACOT8 Acyl-CoA thioesterase activity (PubMed:9153233).TISSUE SPECIFICITY Detected in a T-cell line (at protein level). Ubiquitous (PubMed:9153233, PubMed:9299485).INDUCTION Regulated by peroxisome proliferator (such as Clofibrate), via the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs).SIMILARITY Belongs to the C/M/P thioester hydrolase family. UniProt O14734 1 EQUAL 319 EQUAL Reactome Database ID Release 77 193426 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=193426 Reactome R-HSA-193426 1 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-193426.1 GENE ONTOLOGY GO:0003986 Reactome Database ID Release 77 390301 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=390301 Reactome Database ID Release 77 2066779 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2066779 Reactome R-HSA-2066779 1 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-2066779.1 18538142 Pubmed 2008 没有vel functions of acyl-CoA thioesterases and acyltransferases as auxiliary enzymes in peroxisomal lipid metabolism Hunt, MC Alexson, SE Prog Lipid Res 47:405-21 LEFT-TO-RIGHT Retranslocation of DHA back to ER DHA is transported back to the ER, where it is incorporated into membrane lipids instead of being further beta-oxidized in the peroxisome (Ferdinandusse et al. 2003). Authored: Garapati, P V, 2012-01-11 Edited: Garapati, P V, 2012-01-11 DHA Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) all-cis-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-Docosahexaenoic acid 22:6(n-3) Reactome DB_ID: 2066770 Reactome Database ID Release 77 2066770 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2066770 Reactome R-ALL-2066770 3 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-2066770.3 Reactome Database ID Release 77 2066785 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2066785 Reactome R-HSA-2066785 1 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-2066785.1 Reactome Database ID Release 77 2046106 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046106 Reactome R-HSA-2046106 1 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-2046106.1 16828546 Pubmed 2006 Metabolism of alpha-linolenic acid in humans Burdge, Graham C Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 75:161-8 8443237 Pubmed 1993 Desaturation and chain elongation of n - 3 and n - 6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the human CaCo-2 cell line Chen, Q Nilsson, A Biochim Biophys Acta 1166:193-201 GENE ONTOLOGY GO:0036109 gene ontology term for cellular process MI MI:0359 Linoleic acid (LA) metabolism 亚油酸(洛杉矶,18:2 (n-6))是一种ω- 6脂肪酸acid obtained through diet, mainly from vegetable oils. Omega-6 fatty acids helps stimulate skin and hair growth, maintain bone health, regulate metabolism, and maintain the reproductive system. All the desaturation and elongation steps occur in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) except for the final step which requires translocation to peroxisomes for partial beta-oxidation. The linoleic acid pathway involves the following steps: 18:2(n-6)-->18:3(n-6)--> 20:3(n-6)-->20:4(n-6)-->22:4(n-6)-->24:4(n-6)-->24:5(n-6)-->22:5(n-6). Two desaturation enzymes are involved in this process: delta-6 desaturase which converts 18:2(n-6) to 18:3 (n-6) and 24:4(n-6) to 24:5(n-6) respectively, and delta-5 desaturase which converts 20:3(n-6) to 20:4(n-6). (Sprecher 2002). Authored: Garapati, P V, 2012-01-11 Edited: Garapati, P V, 2012-01-11 LEFT-TO-RIGHT 6.2.1.3 Activation of linoleic acid to linoleoyl-CoA The dietary essential fatty acid (EFA) linoleic acid (LA) is activated to a high energy form known as linoleoyl-CoA by the action of long-chain acyl-CoA synthetases (ACSLs). Thioesterification of long-chain fatty acids into their acyl-CoA derivatives is considered to be the first committed step in fatty acid metabolism. Formation of acyl-CoA allows an otherwise non-reactive fatty acid to participate in biosynthetic or catabolic pathways. This acyl CoA form is converted to its longer-chain polyunsaturated products by a series of desaturation and elongation reactions (Ellis et al. 2010, Watkins 2008). Authored: Garapati, P V, 2012-01-11 Edited: Garapati, P V, 2012-01-11 LA LINA linoleic acid linoleic acid (LA) linoleate 18:2(n-6) Reactome DB_ID: 2046044 linoleic acid [ChEBI:17351] linoleic acid ChEBI CHEBI:17351 Reactome Database ID Release 77 2046044 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046044 Reactome R-ALL-2046044 4 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-2046044.4 LA-CoA linoleoyl-CoA (LA-CoA) linoleoyl-CoA (9Z,12Z)-Octadecadienoyl-CoA 18:2(n-6) Reactome DB_ID: 2046063 linoleoyl-CoA [ChEBI:15530] linoleoyl-CoA ChEBI CHEBI:15530 Reactome Database ID Release 77 2046063 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046063 Reactome R-ALL-2046063 3 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-2046063.3 ACTIVATION Reactome Database ID Release 77 2046098 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046098 Reactome R-HSA-2046098 1 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-2046098.1 20480548 Pubmed 2010 Acyl-coenzyme A synthetases in metabolic control Ellis, JM Frahm, JL Li, LO Coleman, RA Curr Opin Lipidol 21:212-7 18024425 Pubmed 2008 Very-long-chain acyl-CoA synthetases Watkins, PA J Biol Chem 283:1773-7 LEFT-TO-RIGHT 1.14.19.3 Desaturation of Linoleoyl-CoA to gamma-linolenoyl-CoA The first major step in the metabolism of linoleic acid (LA) is desaturation of delta 9,12-octadecadienoyl CoA/linoleoyl CoA (LA-CoA) to delta 6,9,12-octodecatrienoyl CoA/gamma-lenoleoyl CoA (GLA-CoA). This step is catalyzed by delta-6-destaurase (fatty acid desaturase-2, FADS2) which introduces a cis-double bond between carbons 6 and 7. This is the rate limiting step in LA metabolism (Horrobin 1993). Authored: Garapati, P V, 2012-01-11 Edited: Garapati, P V, 2012-01-11 2 2 GLA-CoA gamma-linolenoyl-CoA (GLA-COA) gamma-linolenoyl-CoA octadecatrienoyl-CoA 6Z,9Z,12Z-octadecatrienoyl-CoA 18:3(n-6) Reactome DB_ID: 2046042 gamma-linolenoyl-CoA [ChEBI:15508] gamma-linolenoyl-CoA ChEBI CHEBI:15508 Reactome Database ID Release 77 2046042 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046042 Reactome R-ALL-2046042 3 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-2046042.3 2 ACTIVATION Reactome Database ID Release 77 2046096 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046096 Reactome R-HSA-2046096 1 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-2046096.1 LEFT-TO-RIGHT Elongation of gamma-lenolenoyl-CoA to dihomo-gamma-lenolenoyl-CoA Gamma-linolenoyl-CoA (6,9,12-20:3(n-6)) is rapidly elongated to dihomo-gamma-linolenoyl-CoA (DGL-CoA; 8,11,14-20:3(n-6)) by the action of C18-PUFA-specific elongase 5 (ELOVL5). Two carbon atoms are added during this reaction. DGL-CoA later undergoes desaturation to form arachidonic acid (AA, 5,8,11,14-20:4(n-6)).
Depending on the cell type, DGL-CoA can also be metabolized by cyclooxygenases and lipoxygenases to produce anti-inflammatory eicosanoids (prostaglandins of series 1 (PGE1) and 15-hydroxyeico- satrienoic acid (15-HETrE)). GLA and these two oxidative metabolites exert clinical effects in a variety of diseases, including suppression of chronic inflammation, vasodilation and lowering of blood pressure, inhibition of platelet aggregation and thrombosis. (Fan et al. 2001, Fan & Chapkin 1998, Kapoor & Huang. 2006) Authored: Garapati, P V, 2012-01-11 Edited: Garapati, P V, 2012-01-11 2 DGL-CoA dihomo-gamma-linoloyl CoA all-cis-icosa-8,11,14-trienoyl-CoA 8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatrienoyl-CoA eicosatrienoyl CoA 20:3(n-6) Reactome DB_ID: 2046045 all-cis-icosa-8,11,14-trienoyl-CoA [ChEBI:27979] all-cis-icosa-8,11,14-trienoyl-CoA ChEBI CHEBI:27979 Reactome Database ID Release 77 2046045 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046045 Reactome R-ALL-2046045 3 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-2046045.3 2 ACTIVATION Reactome Database ID Release 77 2046094 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046094 Reactome R-HSA-2046094 2 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-2046094.2 10970790 Pubmed 2000 Cloning of a human cDNA encoding a novel enzyme involved in the elongation of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids Leonard, AE Bobik, EG Dorado, J Kroeger, PE Chuang, LT Thurmond, JM Parker-Barnes, JM Das, T Huang, YS Mukerji, P Biochem J 350:765-70 1-893997-17-0 ISBN 2001 Antiatherogenic Potential of gamma Linolenic Acid Fan, YY Chapkin, RS Ramos, KS gamma-linolenic acid (Book): 169 9732298 Pubmed 1998 Importance of dietary gamma-linolenic acid in human health and nutrition Fan, YY Chapkin, RS J Nutr 128:1411-4 8609415 Pubmed 1996 Metabolism of gammalinolenic acid in human neutrophils Chilton-Lopez, T Surette, ME Swan, DD Fonteh, AN Johnson, MM Chilton, FH J Immunol 156:2941-7 17168669 Pubmed 2006 Gamma linolenic acid: an antiinflammatory omega-6 fatty acid Kapoor, R Huang, YS Curr Pharm Biotechnol 7:531-4 LEFT-TO-RIGHT Desaturation of dihomo-gamma-lenolenoyl-CoA to arachidonoyl-CoA DGL-CoA (8 11 14-eicosatrienoyl-CoA)经历了desaturation by delta 5-desaturase (D5-desaturase) forming arachidonoyl-CoA (AA-CoA, 5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraenoic acid). D5-desaturase has 62% sequence identity with D6-desaturase but desaturates a different carbon atom, adding a double bond at position C5 in arachidonoyl-CoA (AA-CoA). AA can be metabolized by variety of oxygenases (including cyclo-oxygenase and lipoxygenase systems) to form a family of varying products known as eicosanoids, prostaglandins, leukotrines and thromboxanes thus playing important role in inflamation response. Authored: Garapati, P V, 2012-01-11 Edited: Garapati, P V, 2012-01-11 2 2 2 AA-CoA arachidonoyl-CoA (AA-CoA) arachidonoyl-CoA 5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoyl-CoA Reactome DB_ID: 2046053 arachidonoyl-CoA [ChEBI:15514] arachidonoyl-CoA ChEBI CHEBI:15514 Reactome Database ID Release 77 2046053 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046053 Reactome R-ALL-2046053 3 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-2046053.3 ACTIVATION Reactome Database ID Release 77 2046092 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046092 Reactome R-HSA-2046092 1 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-2046092.1 10769175 Pubmed 2000 cDNA cloning and characterization of human Delta5-desaturase involved in the biosynthesis of arachidonic acid Leonard, AE Kelder, B Bobik, EG Chuang, LT Parker-Barnes, JM Thurmond, JM Kroeger, PE Kopchick, JJ Huang, YS Mukerji, P Biochem J 347:719-24 LEFT-TO-RIGHT Elongation of arachidonyl-CoA to docosatetraenoyl-CoA arachidonoyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA => 3-oxo-(7,10,13,16)-docosatetraenoyl-CoA + CO2 + CoASH [ELOVL5] 艺龙Arachidonyl-CoA经历二碳链ation on the carboxyl end to form docosatetraenoyl-CoA (DTA-CoA/Adrenic acid/7,10,13,16-docosatetraenoic acid (7,10,13,16-22:4(n-6)). This reaction is catalyzed by the enzymes ELOVL5 or ELOVL2. Malanoyl-CoA provides the additional two carbons required for elongation. Docosatetraenoyl-CoA is further metabolized by cyclooxygenases (COX), lipoxygenases (LO) and cytochrome P450s (CYP450s) to dihomo (DH) eicosanoids (Kopf et al. 2010, Leonard et al. 2004). Authored: Garapati, P V, 2012-01-11 Edited: Garapati, P V, 2012-01-11 2 DTA-CoA 7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z-docosatetraenoyl-CoA (DTA-CoA) (7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosatetraenoyl-CoA 3-oxo-(7,10,13,16)-docosatetraenoyl-CoA Adrenic acid Reactome DB_ID: 2046060 (7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosatetraenoyl-CoA [ChEBI:63544] (7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosatetraenoyl-CoA ChEBI CHEBI:63544 Reactome Database ID Release 77 2046060 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046060 Reactome R-ALL-2046060 3 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-2046060.3 ACTIVATION Reactome Database ID Release 77 2046083 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046083 Reactome R-HSA-2046083 1 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-2046083.1 20038752 Pubmed 2010 Adrenic acid metabolites as endogenous endothelium-derived and zona glomerulosa-derived hyperpolarizing factors Kopf, PG Zhang, DX Gauthier, KM Nithipatikom, K Yi, XY Falck, JR Campbell, WB Hypertension 55:547-54 LEFT-TO-RIGHT Elongation of docosatetraenoyl-CoA to tetracosatetraenoyl-CoA Docosatetraenoyl-CoA is elongated to tetracosatetraenoyl-CoA (TTA-CoA, 9,12,15,18-tetracosatetraenoic acid, 9,12,15,18-24:4(n-6)) by the elongase enzyme ELOVL2. Authored: Garapati, P V, 2012-01-11 Edited: Garapati, P V, 2012-01-11 2 TTA-CoA 9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z-Tetracosatetraenoyl-CoA (TTA-CoA) (9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z)-tetracosatetraenoyl-CoA Tetracosatetraenoyl-CoA 24:4n-6 Reactome DB_ID: 2046048 (9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z)-tetracosatetraenoyl-CoA [ChEBI:63548] (9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z)-tetracosatetraenoyl-CoA ChEBI CHEBI:63548 Reactome Database ID Release 77 2046048 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046048 Reactome R-ALL-2046048 3 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-2046048.3 ACTIVATION Reactome Database ID Release 77 2046095 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046095 Reactome R-HSA-2046095 1 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-2046095.1 9704073 Pubmed 1973 Fate of linoleic, arachidonic, and docosa-7,10,13,16-tetraenoic acids in rat testicles Ayala, S Gaspar, G Brenner, RR Peluffo, RO Kunau, W J Lipid Res 14:296-305 5411545 Pubmed 1970 The biosynthesis of delta-9,12,15,18-tetracosatetraenoic and of delta-6,9,12,15,18-tetracosapentaenoic acids by rat testes Bridges, RB Coniglio, JG J Biol Chem 245:46-9 LEFT-TO-RIGHT 1.14.19.3 Desaturation of tetracosatetraenoyl-CoA to tetracosapentaenoyl-CoA Tetracosatetraenoyl-CoA is further desaturated by delta 6-desaturase (FADS2) to tetracosapentaenoyl-CoA (TPA-CoA, 6,9,12,15,18-24:5(n-6)). Authored: Garapati, P V, 2012-01-11 Edited: Garapati, P V, 2012-01-11 2 2 2 TPA-CoA 6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z-tetracosapentaenoyl-CoA (TPA-CoA) (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z)-tetracosapentaenoyl-CoA Tetracosapentaenoyl-CoA 24:5n-6 Reactome DB_ID: 2046050 (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z)-tetracosapentaenoyl-CoA [ChEBI:63546] (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z)-tetracosapentaenoyl-CoA ChEBI CHEBI:63546 Reactome Database ID Release 77 2046050 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046050 Reactome R-ALL-2046050 3 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-2046050.3 ACTIVATION Reactome Database ID Release 77 2046097 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046097 Reactome R-HSA-2046097 1 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-2046097.1 LEFT-TO-RIGHT 7.6.2.4 Translocation of tetracosapentaenoyl-CoA to peroxisomes Prior to this reaction all the enzymes involved in the desaturation and elongation of linoleic acid are located in the ER, but for this last step tetracosapentaenoyl-CoA must be transferred to the peroxisomes for partial beta-oxidation to docosapentaenoyl-CoA (DPA-CoA, 4,7,10,13,16-22:5(n-6)) (Su et al. 2001). Authored: Garapati, P V, 2012-01-11 Edited: Garapati, P V, 2012-01-11 Pi Orthophosphate hydrogenphosphate Phosphate Inorganic Phosphate Reactome DB_ID: 5228339 hydrogenphosphate [ChEBI:43474] hydrogenphosphate hydrogen phosphate phosphate [PO3(OH)](2-) INORGANIC PHOSPHATE GROUP HYDROGENPHOSPHATE ION HPO4(2-) [P(OH)O3](2-) ChEBI CHEBI:43474 Reactome Database ID Release 77 5228339 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=5228339 Reactome R-ALL-5228339 4 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-5228339.4 COMPOUND C00009 TPA-CoA 6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z-tetracosapentaenoyl-CoA (TPA-CoA) (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z)-tetracosapentaenoyl-CoA Tetracosapentaenoyl-CoA 24:5n-6 Reactome DB_ID: 2046055 Reactome Database ID Release 77 2046055 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046055 Reactome R-ALL-2046055 3 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-2046055.3 ACTIVATION Reactome Database ID Release 77 2046093 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046093 Reactome R-HSA-2046093 2 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-2046093.2 9684854 Pubmed 1998 Analysis of the putative role of 24-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids in the biosynthesis of docosapentaenoic (22:5n-6) and docosahexaenoic (22:6n-3) acids Infante, JP Huszagh, VA FEBS Lett 431:1-6 LEFT-TO-RIGHT Peroxisomal beta-oxidation of tetracosapentaenoyl-CoA to Docosapentaenoyl-CoA One cycle of peroxisomal beta-oxidation shortens C24:5(n-6) to C22:5(n-6), releasing one molecules of acetyl-CoA. Peroxisomal acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1 (AOX), D-bifunctional protein (DBP/MFE2), and either peroxisomal 3-oxoacyl-CoA thiolase (Th) or SCPx thiolase (SCPx) enzymes have been proposed to be responsible for this partial beta-oxidation (Infante & Huszagh 1998, Su et al. 2001). Authored: Garapati, P V, 2012-01-11 Edited: Garapati, P V, 2012-01-11 DPA Docosapentaenoic acid (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16-pentaenoic acid http://hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB01976 Reactome DB_ID: 2066764 (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16-pentaenoic acid [ChEBI:65136] (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16-pentaenoic acid ChEBI CHEBI:65136 Reactome Database ID Release 77 2066764 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2066764 Reactome R-ALL-2066764 3 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-2066764.3 Reactome Database ID Release 77 2046101 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046101 Reactome R-HSA-2046101 1 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-2046101.1 LEFT-TO-RIGHT Translocation of DPA to the ER The resulted free DPA is transported back to ER, where it is incorporated into membrane lipids. Authored: Garapati, P V, 2012-01-11 Edited: Garapati, P V, 2012-01-11 DPA Docosapentaenoic acid (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16-pentaenoic acid http://hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB01976 Reactome DB_ID: 2066768 Reactome Database ID Release 77 2066768 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2066768 Reactome R-ALL-2066768 3 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-2066768.3 Reactome Database ID Release 77 2066782 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2066782 Reactome R-HSA-2066782 1 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-2066782.1 Reactome Database ID Release 77 2046105 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046105 Reactome R-HSA-2046105 1 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-2046105.1 10903473 Pubmed 2000 Metabolism of highly unsaturated n-3 and n-6 fatty acids Sprecher, H Biochim Biophys Acta 1486:219-31 GENE ONTOLOGY GO:0043651 Reactome Database ID Release 77 2046104 数据库标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046104 Reactome R-HSA-2046104 1 Reactome稳定的标识符。使用这个URL连接到the web page of this instance in Reactome: //www.joaskin.com/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-2046104.1 GENE ONTOLOGY GO:0033559