The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
Early studies of purified rat liver enzyme by Forman and Kennedy suggested the presence of flavin mononucleotide and iron-sulfur complexes as cofactors. More recent work by Bader, Beuneu, and their colleagues with recombinant human protein expressed in insect cells has confirmed the presence of flavin mononucleotide, at a stoichiometry of one molecule per molecule of apoenzyme but suggests that iron-sulfur complexes, if indeed they are involved in the oxidation and electron transport process, are not an integral part of the dihydroorotate dehydrogenase holoenzyme.
This pathway has been most extensively analyzed at the genetic and biochemical level in hamster cell lines. All three enzymes have also been purified from human sources, however, and the key features of these reactions have been confirmed from studies of this human material (Jones 1980; Webster et al. 2001).
All other pyrimidines are synthesized from UMP. The reactions annotaed here, catalyzed by dCMP deaminase and dUTP diphosphatase yield dUMP, which in turn is converted to TMP by thymidylate synthase.
The pyrimidine orotate (orotic acid) is synthesized in a sequence of four reactions, deriving its atoms from glutamine, bicarbonate, and aspartate. A single multifunctional cytosolic enzyme catalyzes the first three of these reactions, while the last one is catalyzed by an enzyme associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane. In two further reactions, catalyzed by a bifunctional cytosolic enzyme, orotate reacts with 1-phosphoribosyl 5-pyrophosphate (PRPP) to yield orotidine 5'-monophosphate, which is decarboxylated to yield uridine 5'-monophosphate (UMP). While several individual reactions in this pathway are reversible, other irreversible reactions drive the pathway in the direction of UMP biosynthesis in the normal cell. All reactions are thus annotated here only in the forward direction.
This pathway has been most extensively analyzed at the genetic and biochemical level in hamster cell lines. All three enzymes have also been purified from human sources, however, and the key features of these reactions have been confirmed from studies of this human material (Jones 1980).
All other pyrimidines are synthesized from UMP. The reactions annotated here, catalyzed by dCMP deaminase and dUTP diphosphatase yield dUMP, which in turn is converted to TMP by thymidylate synthase.
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
The reducing equivalents needed for ribonucleotide reductase activity can be provided by either of two small proteins, glutaredoxin or thioredoxin (Holmgren 1989; Sun et al. 1998; Zahedi Avval & Holmgren 2009). Both are re-reduced with NADPH as the donor of reducing equivalents. The relative contributions of glutaredoxin and thioredoxin in vivo are unknown.
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
The reducing equivalents needed for ribonucleotide reductase activity can be provided by either of two small proteins, glutaredoxin or thioredoxin (Holmgren 1989; Sun et al. 1998; Zahedi Avval & Holmgren 2009). Both are re-reduced with NADPH as the donor of reducing equivalents. The relative contributions of glutaredoxin and thioredoxin in vivo are unknown.
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
The reducing equivalents needed for ribonucleotide reductase activity can be provided by either of two small proteins, glutaredoxin or thioredoxin (Holmgren 1989; Sun et al. 1998; Zahedi Avval & Holmgren 2009). Both are re-reduced with NADPH as the donor of reducing equivalents. The relative contributions of glutaredoxin and thioredoxin in vivo are unknown.
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
The reducing equivalents needed for ribonucleotide reductase activity can be provided by either of two small proteins, glutaredoxin or thioredoxin (Holmgren 1989; Sun et al. 1998; Zahedi Avval & Holmgren 2009). Both are re-reduced with NADPH as the donor of reducing equivalents. The relative contributions of glutaredoxin and thioredoxin in vivo are unknown.
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
While cytosolic nucleoside diphosphate kinases can efficiently use several nucleotide triphosphates as a phosphate donor, the high concentrations of ATP relative to other nucleoside triphosphates in vivo makes it the likely major phosphate donor in these reactions and only reactions with ATP as the phosphate donor are annotated. All of these phosphorylation reactions are freely reversible in vitro (Parks and Agarwal 1973; Schaertl et al. 1998), but the high ratio of ATP to ADP concentrations in the cytosol should favor the conversion of (d)NDP and ATP to (d)NTP and ADP.
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
While the high ratio of ATP to ADP concentrations in the cytosol normally favors the conversion of (d)NDP and ATP to (d)NTP and ADP, the reversibility of the reactions and the overlapping substrate specificities of the enzymes suggest that this group of reverse reactions can buffer the intracellular nucleotide pool and regulate the relative concentrations of individual nucleoside di- and tri-phosphates in the pool.
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
Nucleoside monophosphate kinases catalyze the reversible phosphorylation of nucleoside and deoxynucleoside 5'-monophosphates to form the corresponding nucleoside 5'-diphosphates. Most appear to have restricted specificities for nucleoside monophosphates, and to use ATP preferentially (Van Rompay et al. 2000; Anderson 1973; Noda 1973). The total number of human enzymes that catalyze these reactions in vivo is not clear. In six cases, a well-defined biochemical activity has been associated with a purified protein, and these are annotated here. However, additional nucleoside monophosphate kinase-like human proteins have been identified in molecular cloning studies whose enzymatic activities are unknown, and several distinctive nucleoside monophosphate kinase activities detected in cell extracts, e.g., a GTP-requiring adenylate kinase activity (Wilson et al. 1976) and one or more guanylate kinase activities (Jamil et al. 1975) have not been unambiguously associated with specific human proteins.
The nucleoside monophosphates against which each of the six well-characterized enzymes is active is shown in the table (Van Rompay et al. 2000). All six efficiently use ATP as a phosphate donor, but have some activity with other nucleoside triphosphates as well in vitro. The high concentrations of ATP relative to other nucleoside triphosphates in vivo makes it the likely major phosphate donor in these reactions under most conditions.
All of these phosphorylation reactions are freely reversible in vitro when carried out with purified enzymes and substrates, having equilibrium constants near 1. In vivo, high ratios of ATP to ADP are likely to favor the forward direction of these reactions, i.e., the conversion of (d)NMP and ATP to (d)NDP and ADP. At the same time, the reversibility of the reactions and the overlapping substrate specificities of the enzymes raises the possibility that this group of reactions can buffer the intracellular nucleotide pool and regulate the relative concentrations of individual nucleotides in the pool: if any one molecule builds up to unusually high levels, multiple routes appear to be open not only to dispose of it but to use it to increase the supply of less abundant nucleotides.
Ribonucleotide reductase catalyzes the synthesis of deoxyribonucleotide diphosphates from ribonucleotide diphosphates.
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
Together, these data support the hypothesis that by cleaving 8-oxo-dGTP and thus preventing its incorporation into DNA NUDT1 provides a physiologically important defense against mutagenesis due to oxidative stress. This hypothesis is further supported by the demonstration that mice lacking NUDT1 show an increased lifetime incidence of liver and other tumors compared to normal controls, and that rapidly metabolizing tumor cells in culture are killed under conditions where synthesis of NUDT1 protein is suppressed or its catalytic activity is inhibited (Gad et al. 2014; Huber et al. 2014).
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
Together, these data support the hypothesis that by cleaving 2-hydroxy-dATP and thus preventing its incorporation into DNA, NUDT1 provides a physiologically important defense against mutagenesis due to oxidative stress. This hypothesis is further supported by the demonstration that mice lacking NUDT1 show an increased lifetime incidence of liver and other tumors compared to normal controls, and that rapidly metabolizing tumor cells in culture are killed under conditions where synthesis of NUDT1 protein is suppressed or its catalytic activity is inhibited (Gad et al. 2014; Huber et al. 2014).
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
The hydrolysis of nucleoside di and triphosphates whose purine bases have been oxidized or deaminated may protect the cell from the mutational damage that would occur if modified deoxyribonucleotides were incorporated into DNA and from the aberrant protein synthesis that would occur if modified ribonucleotides were incorporated into mRNA (Iyama et al. 2010; Takagi et al. 2012). The hydrolysis of ADP ribose may prevent the aberrant spontaneous ADP ribosylation of cellular proteins that could occur were this molecule to accumulate to high levels in the cell (Perraud et al. 2003; Shen et al. 2003). This hypothesis is further supported by the demonstration that mice lacking NUDT1 show an increased lifetime incidence of liver and other tumors compared to normal controls, and that rapidly metabolizing tumor cells in culture are killed under conditions where synthesis of NUDT1 protein is suppressed or its catalytic activity is inhibited (Gad et al. 2014; Huber et al. 2014).
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
NTPDase2 may contribute to vascular hemostasis by exerting an opposing role to NTPDase1 (Sévigny et al. 2002).
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
NTPDase5 may function in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where its UDPase activity could contribute to protein glycosylation and folding. NTPDase5 may alleviate ER stress induced by protein overload caused by oncogenic PI3K/AKT signaling in cancer cells. NTPDase5 is over-expressed in tumors with activated AKT and is known as the PCPH oncogene. The underlying mechanism of NTPDase5 over-expression may be AKT-mediated inhibition of FOXO proteins, which are probable transcriptional repressors of the ENTPD5 gene (Fang et al. 2010, Shen et al. 2011).
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
NTPDase6 may also be able to function as a membrane-bound enzyme, but its catalytic rate is very low and accounts for up to 10% of NTPDase6 activity (Hicks-Berger et al. 2000).
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
For reviews of the NTPDase family, please refer to Robson et al. 2006 and Zimmermann et al. 2012.
The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.
More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp
SAMHD1 activity may play a role in regulating the size of the nuclear pools of dNTPs and dissipating these pools at the end of the S phase of the cell cycle (Franzolin et al. 2013) and it may play a role as well in regulating cellular antiviral responses (Goldstone et al. 2011; Rice et al. 2009).
In parallel sequences of three reactions each, the pyrimidines thymine and uracil are converted to beta-aminoisobutyrate and beta-alanine respectively. Both of these molecules are excreted in human urine and appear to be normal end products of pyrimidine catabolism (Griffith 1986). Mitochondrial AGXT2, however, can also catalyze the transamination of both molecules with pyruvate, yielding 2-oxoacids that can be metabolized further by reactions of branched-chain amino acid and short-chain fatty acid catabolism (Tamaki et al. 2000).
Hydrolysis of phosphate bonds in nucleotides catalyzed by members of the NUDT and NTPD families of enzymes have been grouped here as well, although the physiological roles of these groups of catabolic reactions are diverse.
These pathways are also of major clinical interest as they are the means by which nucleotide analogues used as anti-viral and anti-tumor drugs are taken up by cells, activated, and catabolized (Weilin and Nordlund 2010). As well, differences in nucleotide metabolic pathways between humans and aplicomplexan parasites like Plasmodium have been exploited to design drugs to attack the latter (Hyde 2007).
The movement of nucleotides and purine and pyrimidine bases across lipid bilayer membranes, mediated by SLC transporters, is annotated as part of the module "transmembrane transport of small molecules".