SBML generated from Reactome version 77 on 7/30/21 7:23 AM using JSBML version 1.5.
Hydrolysis of phosphatidyl inositol-bisphosphate (PIP2) by phospholipase C (PLC) produces diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol triphosphate (IP3). Both are potent second messengers. IP3 diffuses into the cytosol, but as DAG is a hydrophobic lipid it remains within the plasma membrane. IP3 stimulates the release of calcium ions from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, while DAG activates the conventional and unconventional protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms, facilitating the translocation of PKC from the cytosol to the plasma membrane. The effects of DAG are mimicked by tumor-promoting phorbol esters. DAG is also a precursor for the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol and an activator of a subfamily of TRP-C (Transient Receptor Potential Canonical) cation channels 3, 6, and 7.
Derived from a Reactome SimpleEntity. This is a small compound
Derived from a Reactome Complex. Here is Reactomes nested structure for this complex: (Q02156, Q04759, 17815, Q05655, P24723). Reactome uses a nested structure for complexes, which cannot be fully represented in SBML Level 3 Version 1 core
Derived from a Reactome SimpleEntity. This is a small compound
Derived from a Reactome SimpleEntity. This is a small compound
Derived from a Reactome EntityWithAccessionedSequence. This is a protein
Derived from a Reactome DefinedSet. This is a list of alternative entities, any of which can perform the given function
这些PKC亚型结合DAG phosphatidylserine (PS), but unlike the conventional forms, do not require calcium for PS binding.
Derived from a Reactome SimpleEntity. This is a small compound
Derived from a Reactome Complex. Here is Reactomes nested structure for this complex: (4xQ14571, 4xQ14643, 4xQ14573). Reactome uses a nested structure for complexes, which cannot be fully represented in SBML Level 3 Version 1 core
Derived from a Reactome DefinedSet. This is a list of alternative entities, any of which can perform the given function
Derived from a Reactome SimpleEntity. This is a small compound
Derived from a Reactome Complex. Here is Reactomes nested structure for this complex: (4x16595, 4xQ14571, 4xQ14643, 4x29108, 4xQ14573). Reactome uses a nested structure for complexes, which cannot be fully represented in SBML Level 3 Version 1 core
Derived from a Reactome SimpleEntity. This is a small compound
Derived from a Reactome SimpleEntity. This is a small compound
Derived from a Reactome SimpleEntity. This is a small compound
Derived from a Reactome Complex. Here is Reactomes nested structure for this complex: (Q7LDG7, 17815, 29108, O95267). Reactome uses a nested structure for complexes, which cannot be fully represented in SBML Level 3 Version 1 core
Derived from a Reactome SimpleEntity. This is a small compound
Derived from a Reactome SimpleEntity. This is a small compound
Derived from a Reactome DefinedSet. This is a list of alternative entities, any of which can perform the given function
Derived from a Reactome DefinedSet. This is a list of alternative entities, any of which can perform the given function
Derived from a Reactome Complex. Here is Reactomes nested structure for this complex: (17815, Q9HCX4, Q9Y210, Q13507). Reactome uses a nested structure for complexes, which cannot be fully represented in SBML Level 3 Version 1 core
Derived from a Reactome SimpleEntity. This is a small compound
Derived from a Reactome SimpleEntity. This is a small compound
Derived from a Reactome DefinedSet. This is a list of alternative entities, any of which can perform the given function
Derived from a Reactome DefinedSet. This is a list of alternative entities, any of which can perform the given function
Rap1 can be activated by certain GEFs that respond to calcium and diacylglycerol (CalDAG-GEFs).
Derived from a Reactome SimpleEntity. This is a small compound
Derived from a Reactome SimpleEntity. This is a small compound
TRPC3, 6 and 7 are non-selective cation channels that are activated by diacylglycerol (DAG) independently of protein kinase C activation by DAG. By analogy with the structures of voltage-regulated calcium channels, TRPC channels are probably tetramers of TRPC protein; heterotetramers within the 3/6/7 group have been observed.
Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is a key enzyme in the hydrolysis of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol to arachidonate and glycerol. In adipocytes MAGL and hormone-sensitive lipase (LIPE) hydrolyze intracellular triglyceride stores. MAGL may also complement lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in completing hydrolysis of monoglycerides resulting from degradation of lipoprotein triglycerides.
Three members of the serine hydrolase family are involved in the degradation of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylyglycerol (C20:4) (2AG). The major enzymatic route for 2AG inactivation is via hydrolysis, generating arachidonic acid (AA) and glycerol. Two of the serine hydrolases, monoacylglycerol lipases 6 and 12 (ABHD6 and 12), have preference for the 3-acyl isomer of arachidonoylyglycerol (3AG) although they can also hydrolyse 2AG at a lower rate (Navia-Paldanius et al. 2012, Savinainen et al. 2012).
Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) are intracellular lipid kinases that use ATP to phosphorylate diacylglycerol (DAG)., generating phosphatidic acid (PA). This lowers membrane DAG levels, regulating signalling proteins that require DAG for membrane association such as Protein Kinase C. PA is a signalling molecule that regulates Raf-1 and PKC zeta, and a substrate for the resynthesis of phosphatidylinositol.
IP3受体(IP3R)是一种胞内calcium release channel that mobilizes Ca2+ from internal stores in the ER to the cytoplasm. Though its activity is stimulated by IP3, the principal activator of the IP3R is Ca2+. This process of calcium-induced calcium release is central to the mechanism of Ca2+ signalling. The effect of cytosolic Ca2+ on IP3R is complex: it can be both stimulatory and inhibitory and can the effect varies between IP3R isoforms. In general, the IP3Rs have a bell-shaped Ca2+ dependence when treated with low concentrations of IP3; low concentrations of Ca2+ (100–300 nM) are stimulatory but above 300 nM, Ca2+ becomes inhibitory and switches the channel off. The stimulatory effect of IP3 is to relieve Ca2+ inhibition of the channel, enabling Ca2+ activation sites to gate it. Functionally the IP3 receptor is believed to be tetrameric, with results indicating that the tetramer is composed of 2 pairs of protein isoforms.
Diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL) hydrolyzes diacylglycerol (DAG) at the sn-1 position, producing 2-monoacylglycerols, including 2-arachidonlyglycerol (2-AG) and free fatty acid. This reaction was first characterised for the release of arachidonate from membrane phospholipids in platelets, but is also involved in the spatial and temporal regulation of endocannabinoid signaling in the brain. DAGL exhibits strong selectivity for diacylglycerols over phospholipids, monoacylglycerols, triacylglycerols and fatty acid amides, and prefers the acyl group at sn-1 position to that at sn-2.